Child Labor in a Globalizing Economy:
Lessons From the Asia/Pacific Region
Stanford University, Feb. 7-9, 2001

SYMPOSIUM PARTICIPANT BIOGRAPHIES

Darlene Adkins
Darlene Adkins, vice president for public policy at the National Consumers League, is head of the Child Labor Coalition. The Child Labor Coalition (CLC) exists to serve as a national network for the exchange of information about child1 labor; provide a forum and a unified voice on protecting working minors and ending child1 labor exploitation; and develop informational and educational outreach to the public and private sectors to combat child1 labor abuses and promote progressive initiatives and legislation. The National Consumers League, founded in 1899, is America's pioneer consumer organization. NCL's three-pronged approach of research, education and advocacy has made it an effective representative and source of information for consumers and workers. NCL is a private, nonprofit membership organization dedicated to representing consumers on issues of concern.

Zafaryab Ahmed
Zafaryab Ahmed is a Pakistani journalist known for his work against child1 labor. He has held a variety of positions with various Pakistani publications and now lives in exile in the United States. In the 1980s, while reporting a story on bonded labor, Ahmed met Ehsanullah Khan of the Bonded Labor Liberation Front. Later, he met and befriended Iqbal Masih, a former child1 bonded laborer who quit making carpets, and became an internationally known campaigner on behalf of the BLLF against bonded and child1 labor in Pakistan. In 1995, when Iqbal was murdered, and Khan left Pakistan on a trip, Ahmed was temporarily responsible for the BLLF office. The Iqbal murder, which was international news, prompted enormous speculation in Pakistan about alleged plots against Pakistani carpet manufacture. About that time, Ahmed was approached by a Hollywood-based, Indian-born film producer to write a story and script about child1 labor in Pakistan for Giusppe Tornatore, the Academy Award-winning Italian director. In June, 1995, the Government of Pakistan arrested Ahmed and charged him with "destabilizing the state," apparently in reference to the contact with the film producer.

Although Ahmed was released on bail, the government - which has not closed the case against him -- initially refused to allow him to travel to Colby College in Maine to accept the first Oak International Human Rights Fellowship. After six months of effort by Colby College and Sen. Tom Harkin of Iowa, Ahmed arrived at Colby in the Fall of 1998. In 2000, Ahmed was granted political asylum. Ahmed is now a doctoral student in sociology at SUNY Binghamton.

Ahmed's earlier life included activism at the forefront of the Pakistani student movement in late 60s and 70s. In the late1970s, Ahmed graduated with honors in political science from Punjab University, Lahore. He taught in the department of rural sociology at the University of Agriculture in Faisalabad. Ahmed has also worked on education reform in Pakistan.

Sarah Bachman
Sarah Bachman, a cum laude graduate of Yale College, began her social justice interests as a volunteer for a health center in Bangladesh.  Her stories for Newsday about the life of an average Bangladeshi farmer won the 1983 World Hunger Media Award, which was shared with Newsday writers and editors. Over 13 years of writing editorials and news in the United States, Japan and other parts of Asia, she has won awards for editorials about children's services and international affairs.  She has won fellowships from Yale College, the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, the Freedom Forum journalism foundation and the Knight-Bagehot Fellowship at Columbia University to study international relations, Asia, women in Bangladesh and development issues. In 1995, she returned to Bangladesh on a fellowship from the Society of Professional Journalists, the largest U.S. professional society for journalists. She wrote a seven-part series of opinion articles for the San Jose Mercury News, where she was an editorial writer. The series won a Certificate of Excellence from the Overseas Press Association of America, and the first "journalist of the year" award from InterAction, the largest US consortium of non-profit agencies providing disaster relief abroad. Bachman is currently a visiting fellow at Stanford University's Asia/Pacific Research Center. She advises the Stanford Program on International and Cross-Cultural Education on a school curriculum about child1 labor, and the associated website www.childlabor.org.

Simon Baker
Simon Baker has been working since 1995 on demographic issues related to Thai youth, with a particular focus on child1 labor and child1 prostitution. Baker studied child1 labor as part of studies for his Ph.D, which he was awarded in 1998. He has worked with organizations that have a focus on children and youth in Thailand and Asia, including NGO Child Workers in Asia (CWA), End Child Prostitution Child Pornography and Trafficking of Children for Sexual Purposes (ECPAT). He is currently employed the Population Council and for Program for Appropriate Technology in Health (PATH) in Bangkok, Thailand.

While working with CWA – a consortium of over 50 NGOs, plus government and international organizations in Asia working directly on the problem of child1 workers, sexual exploitation of children and the trafficking of children – Baker did work with the ILO, UNICEF, and the World Bank. Baker’s paper "Girls at work: Situation in Asia" was prepared for the ILO Asian Regional Meeting on the Worst Forms of Child Labor, Phuket, Thailand, August 1999. Baker served as resource contact, and spoke at a UNICEF workshop in Chiang Mai, March. He also has been a guest speaker for the World Bank (Thailand) on two occasions. For ECPAT, analyzed the situation of child1 prostitution in northern Thailand. The report showed how economic and demographic factors have resulted in declining numbers of children from northern Thailand being forced into prostitution. Presently, Baker is carrying out research focusing on issues related to HIV/AIDS in Cambodia and in Thailand.

Anna Bantug
Anna Bantug is a Program Associate in the Business and Human Rights program of Business for Social Responsibility. Her responsibilities include consulting for multinational corporations on corporate social responsibility, research on international labor and human rights issues with an emphasis on Asia, and conducting workshops for suppliers and contractors on compliance and codes of conduct.

Prior to joining BSR, Bantug worked with the United Nation Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (UN-ESCAP) based in Bangkok, Thailand as a research associate. She has also worked with the Mexican Department of Trade and Industry on international trade issues and with the Philippine government (Subic Bay Metropolitan Authority) on development of the Freeport Zone and investment promotion for the country.

Bantug earned an MBA from Nanyang Technological University in Singapore and a BS from Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, USA.

Kaushik Basu
Kaushik Basu is a professor of economics and C. Marks Professor of International Studies at Cornell University, where he has taught since 1994. He directs Cornell’s Program on Comparative Economic Development.

Basue received his B.A. (Hons.) in Economics at St. Stephen’s College, Delhi University; his M.Sc. in economics and his PhD. In economics from the London School of Economics. He has taught and held visiting professorships at LSE; the Delhi School of Economics (where he was founder and in 1992-1996 Executive Director of the Centre for Development Economics); CORE at Louvain-la-Neuve in Belgium; Centre d’economie mathematique et d’econometrie, Brussels; Princeton; Stockholm University; the Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University. He is the VKRV Rao Visiting Professor at ISEC in Bangalore, 2000-2002. In 1989, he was awarded the National Mahalanobis Memorial Medal for contributions to economics. He also was a CORE Fellow in 1981-1982, and a UGC-Prabhavananda Award for Economics in 1990. Since 1991, he has been a fellow of the Econometric Society, where he was also a Council Member. Basu also is a member of the Expert Group of Development Issues, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Stockholm, Govt. of Sweden. He also has been a Council Member of the Society for Social Choice and Welfare, and a member of the Board of Governors of the Madras School of Economics. He was an consultant to the UNDP for the Human Development Report of 1996, and to the World Bank for the World Development Report of 2001. He is an international advisor to Bangladesh Development Studies. Basu is editor, associate editor of advisor for a dozen academic journals and bulletins. His long list of publications includes, in addition to books and many journal articles, "The Economics of Child Labor," (with Pham Hoang Van) in American Economic Review, June 1998. He also is a columnist for India Today.

Susan L. Bissell
Susan Bissell is a freelance consultant, and an honorary Scholar, Key Center for Women's Health and Society, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne. Susan spent twelve years with UNICEF, briefly in Headquarters, then on longer term postings in Sri Lanka and Bangladesh. Most recently she has been a consultant to the BBC, and to UNICEF offices in Lesotho, Nairobi, India, and in New York headquarters. Her academic background ranges from international relations, to economics, and human rights law, and her doctoral thesis in the discipline of medical anthropology, was entitled 'Manufacturing Childhood - Lives and Livelihoods of Children in Dhaka's Slums'. A specialist in the fields of children’s rights and child1 labour, her most recent published article appears in Visual Anthropology 13 (2), entitled 'In Focus - Film, Focus Groups and Children in Bangladesh'. Susan is currently producing an hour-long film for television broadcast, called A Kind of Childhood.

Anwarul Karim Chowdhury
Ambassador Anwarul Karim Chowdhury took up his responsibilities as the permanent representative of Bangladesh to the United Nations in New York in 1996. He is Bangladesh’s representative to the United Nations Security Council for the term 2000-2001 and Chairman of Security Council Sanctions Committee on Sierra Leone. A career diplomat, Chowdhury specializes in U.N. and multilateral affairs, with special focus on economic, development and social issues. He served as chairman of the Administrative and Budgetary Committee of the 52^nd session of the U.N. General Assembly and as Chairman of the Preparatory Committee for the five-year review of the Program of Action of the Intenational Conference on Population and Development (ICPD) at the 1999 Special Session of the U.N. General Assembly. Chowdhury is the immediate past president of UNICEF Executive Board and also served two terms as vice president of the Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) of the U.N. Chowdhury's leading role resulting in United Nations proclaiming the year 2000 as International Year for the Culture of Peace and Non-Violence for the Children of the World. Chowdhury is recipient of the U Thant Peace Award and the UNESCO Ghandi Gold Medal.

Thomas Cove
Thomas Cove is vice president of government relations for the Sporting Goods Manufacturers Association. He is responsible for the management of the SGMA’s government relations activities, and is the chief lobbyist for the sporting goods industry, representing more than 2,300 manufacturers and distributors of athletic equipment, footwear and apparel. Cove spearheaded the soccer industry’s globally recognized program to eliminate child1 labor in Pakistan. He has led industry efforts to revitalize the Land and Water Conservation Fund. He is responsible for SGMA’s collaboration with the Advertising Council in producing the award-winning "Get Up, Get Out" youth fitness public service campaign, whose media value exceeds $82 million. Mr. Cove serves on the U.S. Commerce Department's Industry Sector Advisory Committee, Treasury Department’s Advisory Committee on Child Labor, American Recreation Coalition Board of Directors, American Hiking Society Board of Directors, BB&T Classic Advisory Board, Sporting Goods Business Advisory Board and the Americans for Heritage and Recreation Board of Directors. Prior to joining SGMA, he served in the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration’s Foreign Operations Office, its Strategic Planning Office, and as a liaison for the DEA’s Congressional oversight and authorization committees. Previously, Cove worked in the United States Senate, Office of the Sergeant at Arms from 1979 to 1985. Cove holds a Master of Public Administration degree from George Washington University and an undergraduate degree in Economics from the University of Maryland.

Julia Dean
Julia Dean received a Bachelor of Science degree in Photography at the Rochester Institute of Technology in Rochester, New York and a Master of Arts degree in Journalism at The University of Nebraska.  Her photographic career began with an apprenticeship to famed photographer Berenice Abbott, followed by a clerk position at the 1980 Lake Placid Olympics and a photo editing position in New York with The Associated Press.  For the past 16 years, Dean has taught photography at a variety of places: The Maine Photographic Workshops; The Universit y of Nebraska-Lincoln; Metro Community College in Omaha, Neb.; Oxford University, England; Los Angeles Valley College; Los Angeles Southwest College; and Santa Monica College.  She now runs her own photography school in Venice called The Julia Dean Photo Workshops.

Dean has traveled to more than 20 countries while freelancing as a photographer and writer for numerous relief groups and publications.  Her work has appeared in publications such as National Geographic Society, Parade, The Christian Science Monitor, The Atlantic Monthly, Fortune, Photo District News, Camera & Darkroom,  and many others.  Dean's first children's book for Houghton Mifflin Co., A Year on Monhegan Island, published in 1995 was awarded the 1996 "Lupine Award," given annually by the Maine Library Association for the book they feel makes "the greatest contribution to children's literature."  

Dean is the director of JD&A (Julia Dean & Associates), a group of photographers selected to work together on issues of cultural, humanitarian and social concern. JD&A's current project, which involves 11 photojournalists is entitled Child Labor and the Global Village:  Photography for Social Change. This team of journalists will cover stories around the world on the child1 labor issue that will result in a nationwide exhibit, worldwide magazine and newspaper coverage, a web site, a series of stories and pictures, and a book.  

Ruwan Dharmaratna
Ruwan Dharmaratna works with Loving Friends International, a Sri Lankan NGO that has worked extensively on child1 labor issues. At the age of 17, Dharmaratna was a child1 soldier.

Rafiq Dossani
Rafiq Dossani is a consulting professor and a senior research scholar at Stanford University’s Asia/Pacific Research Center. He is responsible for developing and directing the South Asia Initiative. His research interests include financial, technology, and energy-sector reform in India. He is currently undertaking a project on the upgrade of information technology in Indian start-ups, and on the institutional phasing-in of power-sector reform in Andhra Pradesh. He serves as an advisor to India's Securities and Exchange Board in the area of venture-capital reform. Dossani earlier worked for the Robert Fleming Investment Banking group, first as CEO of its India operations and later as head of its San Francisco operations. He has also been the chairman and CEO of a stockbroking firm on the OCTEI exchange in India, the deputy editor of the Business India Weekly, and a professor of finance at Pennsylvania State University. He holds a B.A. in economics from St. Stephen’s College, New Delhi, India; an M.B.A. from the Indian Institute of Management, Calcutta, India; and a Ph.D. in finance from Northwestern University. His publications and recent events include Accessing Venture Capital in India. Report of a Conference Held June 1, 1999; Regulating the Electric Power Sector: Alternative Institutional Structures and Contractual Mechanisms (May 11, 2000); A/PARC Roundtable with India's Minister of Information Technology (May 22, 2000); and with Martin Kenney, DRAFT WORKING PAPER: Creating an Environment: Developing Venture Capital in India, 2001.

Donald K. Emmerson
Donald K. Emmerson is a professor on the staff of Stanford University's Asia/Pacific Research Center, and a senior fellow in Stanford’s Institute for International Studies. He is also sole proprietor of a consulting firm, Development Concepts. In 1999, Emmerson focused on self-determination in East Timor and democratization in Indonesia. In August, he helped the Carter Center monitor the popular consultation in East Timor. In June, he helped the National Democratic Institute and the Carter Center monitor Indonesia’s national election. In addition to media interviews on these topics, he lectured on them, in English or Indonesian, to audiences in Canada, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, and the United States. Also in 1999, as in 1998, he spoke at U.S. House and Senate hearings on East Timor and Indonesia. Emmerson’s research interests include state-market relations and democratization in Southeast Asia, with particular reference to Indonesia. Writings published or forthcoming in 1999 include an edited book, Indonesia Beyond Suharto: Polity, Economy, Society, Transition; chapters in America and the East Asian Economic Crisis; Challenges to Asia Pacific Security; Taming Turmoil in the Pacific; and an article in the Journal of Democracy. Appearing in 1998 were, among other pieces, "Americanizing Asia?" in Foreign Affairs; "Indonesia’s Coming Succession" in NBR Analysis; and "Paradigmatic Aspects of the East Asian Crisis" in Cambridge Review of International Affairs. Publications by Emmerson in 1995–97 include: "A Virtuous Spiral? Southeast Asian Economic Growth and Its Political Implications" in Asia's New World Order (1997); "Building Frameworks for Regional Security in the Asia Pacific" in Bringing Peace to the Pacific (1997); "Realism or Evangelism? Security through Democratization As a National Strategy" in NBR Analysis (1996); "Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore: A Regional Security Core?" in Southeast Asian Security in the New Millennium (1996); "U.S. Policy Themes in Southeast Asia in the 1990s" in Southeast Asia in the New World Order (1996); "Singapore and the ‘Asian Values’ Debate" in Journal of Democracy (1995); "Asia, Southeast" in The Encyclopedia of Democracy (1995); and "Region and Recalcitrance: Rethinking Democracy through Southeast Asia" in Pacific Review (1995). Emmerson’s advisory work includes service on the East Asia Regional Advisory Panel of the Social Science Research Council, the U.S. Committee of the Council for Security Cooperation in the Asia Pacific, and the U.S. National Committee for Pacific Economic Cooperation. He has held visiting positions at the Australian National University, the Institute for Advanced Study (Princeton), and Stanford University, among other places. He is also a consultant on a planned public television series, "Pacific Storm." Emmerson received his Ph.D. and M.A. in political science from Yale University, and a B.A. in public and international affairs from Princeton University.

Ma. Cecilia Flores-Oebanda
Maria Cecilia ("Cecil") Flores-Oebanda is the President of Visayan Forum Foundation (VF), a national NGO in the Philippines that works for the welfare of migrant working children and their communities. VF is recognized as one of the few NGOs working with child1 domestic workers and serves as a lead organization of the Task Force on Child Domestic Workers in Asia. Flores-Oebanda is also the Philippine and the Southeast Asian Coordinator of the Global March Against Child Labor, an international movement for the benefit of working children, which was successfully kick-started last January 17, 1998 by more than 15,000 child1 laborers and social activists. She is also the current Chairperson of the Executive Board of Child Workers in Asia, a network of more than 50 NGOs working against child1 labor in Asia.

Aside from being a consultant of local government and non-government organizations in the Philippines, Flores-Oebanda also works as a consultant of international agencies such as the International Labor Organization (ILO) and Radda Barnen (Save the Children Sweden). Flores-Oebanda recently was a resource person during the panel of the United Nations Commission on the Status of Women. She also served as resource person during the briefing of delegates in the International Labor Conference in June 1998 on the issue of Child Domestic Work. Recently she co-facilitated a forum by the World Bank, ILO-IPEC and UNICEF in Geneva, in time for the Social Summit 2000. Flores-Oebanda’s 20 years of activism have involved organizing, advocacy and campaigns with the urban poor, peasants, sugar plantation workers, children and youth. She was a political prisoner for four years under the martial rule of the Marcos regime.

Judy Gearhart
Judy Gearhart has worked for twelve years on economic development and human rights issues in Latin America, primarily focusing her work on the rights of women, children and workers. After working for three years with the Washington Office on Latin America (WOLA), Ms. Gearhart worked in Mexico with the women’s program of a local NGO, Servicio, Desarrollo y Paz (SEDEPAC). She assisted SEDEPAC with the development of a series of regional workshops for women workers in the maquiladoras and participated actively in local election observations organized by the NGO network Convergencia (1991 - 1994). After completing a Master of International Affairs at Columbia University, Ms. Gearhart returned to Latin America to work for UNICEF in Honduras on monitoring and evaluation. During her second year in Honduras, Ms. Gearhart coordinated a national study on child1 labor for the International Labour Organisation’s IPEC Program (International Program for the Eradication of Child Labor) and worked part-time with women’s community organizations in Choloma, one of Honduras’ main export processing cities. This work gave her the opportunity to analyze the early implementation stages of the National Legal Code for Children and Adolescents – the 1996 law that codified into national law Honduras' commitment to the Convention on the Rights of the Child.

Gearhart currently is the program director at Social Accountability International, a New York-based nonprofit responsible for the development and oversight of a standard on workplace conditions – Social Accountability 8000 – and its third party monitoring system for verifying companies' compliance with the same. Ms. Gearhart is primarily responsible for capacity building and outreach with NGOs and trade unions and for research on social auditing techniques.

Gearhart has taught social auditing at Columbia University's School for International and Public Affairs, has participated in numerous public fora and has published, in English and Spanish, on topics including: Mexican NGO networks' influence on policy making; child1 labor; and corporate social responsibility.

William B. Gould
William B. Gould is the Beardsley Professor of Law at Stanford University’s School of Law. His interests include Labor law, comparative labor law, employment discrimination law. I He also teaches courses in sports law, and international labor standards and regulations. Gould was awarded an A.B. by the University of Rhode Island, 1958, and an LLB from Cornell University in 1961. He was assistant general counsel for the United Automobile Workers, 1961-62. He completed graduate study at theLondon School of Economics in 1962-63. And he was staff attorney for the National Labor Relations Board, Washington, DC, in 1963-65. From 1965-68, Gould was in private practice in New York City. He was a member of the faculty at Wayne State University, 1968-71, and joined the Stanford faculty in 1972. He was named to the Beardsley professorship in 1984. He has taught and studied at other universities including Harvard University, 1971-72; Howard University, 1989; and Boston University, 1994. At the University of Witwatersrand, he was a Fulbright lecturer in 1991.

Gould served as chairman of the National Labor Relations Board, 1994-98. From 1994 through the present, he has been Chairman and Member of the Council of the Administrative Conference of the United States. He has been writing a book, entitled The Life and Times of William Benjamin Gould, about his great-grandfather, an escaped black slave, and his service in the United States Navy during the War of the Rebellion.

Amber K. Gove
Amber K. Gove completed her MA and BA at Stanford University in 1997. Immediately following graduation she worked in Brazil as a consultant to the Ministry of Education, assisting in training seminars for municipal secretaries of education and advising in the preparation of federal level projects. In addition she spent a year as a Rotary Ambassadorial Scholar in Chile, and has advised on projects for the Governments of Nicaragua and Brazil, as well as the World Bank.

Gove is currently enrolled in the Ph.D. program in International Comparative Education at Stanford's School of Education. Her research focuses on the effects of school quality on parent decision-making to send their children to school. In countries such as Brazil, where the direct costs of schooling to parents are high (especially for families of low SES), student attendance, achievement and repetition are all impacted by the daily calculation parents make in weighing the costs of schooling against expected benefits. How parents make this calculation, and what policymakers can do to ensure that children attend school, are questions that are central to her research.

Rijk Van Haarlem
Rijk van Haarlem graduated as mechanical engineer from XXXX in 1962. He worked at a steel construction company in Gorinchem, Holland from 1962-1969, as chief designer of the technical office maintenance department (1962 – 1966) and deputy head of the development department (1966 – 1969). From 1969 – 1991, he was senior labor inspector for the Ministry of Social Affairs & Employment in Holland. During this time, he served as chairman of the Trade Union of Labour Inspectors VMHTA (1980 – 1986), and vice-chairman of the works council of the Directorate of Labor (1986 – 1991). In 1992, van Haarlem began working for the International Labor Office. In that capacity, from 1992–1994, he was an expert in training labor inspectors for the Tripartite Labor Inspection Project, Kenya. In 1995, he was an expert in labor inspection at the Ministry of Labour, Eritrea. From 1995-1999, he worked for ILO/IPEC (ILO/International Project on the Elimination of Child Labor) chief technical adviser for the BGMEA/ILO/UNICEF Child Labour Project in Dhaka, Bangladesh. The Bangladesh child1 labor project, which involved taking under-age workers out of work in the garment factories and put them in industry-supported schools, became the model for similar projects in other industries around the world. Van Haarlem served as chief technical advisor from 1995-1998 for the soccer ball project in Sialkot, Pakistan, which was an adaptation of the Bangladesh garment factory project. From 1999 to date, he is chief technical adviser for ILO/IPEC in San José, Costa Rica, on the sub-regional projects in the coffee industry and commercial agriculture in Central America. Van Haarlem, 63, is a Dutch citizen and is married with two children.

Michael Hancock
Mike Hancock, a Senior Labor Advisor with the US Agency for International Development's Center for Democracy and Governance, is seconded from the U.S. Department of Labor where he was team leader for farm labor enforcement. Prior to his work at the Department of Labor, Mike was the executive director of the Farmworker Justice Fund, a Washington, D.C.-based advocacy organization. He has also worked as a legal aid lawyer, was in private practice, and has worked for several other Washington-based advocacy organizations since receiving a J.DD. from the University of Arkansas School of Law.

Hanson is a graduate of Stanford University and the Stanford Graduate School of Business. He has held graduate fellowships and research appointments at the Yale Divinity School and the Harvard Business School. He has also served as a senior staff member for the National Alliance of Business and for Chicago United. Hanson was an instructor at Northeastern University in 1976. From 1975 to the present, Hanson has been an independent consultant to The Business Roundtable and major corporations. From 1989-1993, he was president of The Business Enterprise Trust, a national organization created by leaders in business, labor, media and academia to promote exemplary behavior in business. The Trust conducts a national awards program honoring instances of visionary business behavior and produces video and written educational materials. Hanson has worked extensively with companies on the design and implementation of business ethics programs and has conducted corporate values and ethics workshops for and advised over 40 corporations and other organizations on organizational ethics issues. He has also taught in the executive programs of over 20 corporations and other major universities. Hanson speaks before a wide range of audiences and is quoted frequently in the press on business issues. He writes on managing the ethical and public behavior of corporations and has been a major contributor to studies on the social and ethical role of the corporation for The Business Roundtable. He writes a regular column on "Ethics on the Job" for the San Jose Mercury News. Hanson was the first chair and still serves on the Santa Clara County Ethics Commission, a statutory body which polices political campaigns and administers ethics regulations for county officials. He also serves on the boards of the Social Venture Network, a national organization of social entrepreneurs; Students for Responsible Business, a national student organization; and the Silicon Valley Chapter of the American Leadership Forum. He serves on the Advisory Board of the Markkula Center for Applied Ethics at Santa Clara University and was twice chair of Stanford University's Commission on Investment Responsibility. As of the spring of 2001, Hanson will direct the Markkula Center for Applied Ethics at Santa Clara University in Santa Clara, CA.

Pharis Harvey
Pharis J. Harvey is a founder of the International Labor Rights Fund (ILRF) and its executive director since 1990. He is the author of Trading Away the Future: Child Labor in India's Export Industries and editor of several studies of labor and peoples' movements in Asia. In 1996 Harvey received the Letelier-Moffitt Human Rights Award for lifetime achievement in developing labor rights law and defending labor rights internationally. The ILRF maintains that internationally recognized rights are violated in every part of the globe when women work in sweatshop garment factories, children work in poor conditions making products that are shipped to developed countries and men are forced to labor without pay. Women and men are harassed, fired or even killed for their efforts to organize and speak out, maintains Harvey, who works to end such injustices.

Maureen Jaffe
Maureen Jaffe has been working at the U.S. Department of Labor's International Labor Affairs Bureau (ILAB) since 1992. She joined the ILAB as a Presidential Management Intern in the Office of Economic Affairs. In this capacity, she worked on various international trade issues, and spent a year in the office of the United States Trade Representative, where she focused on worker rights issues in the context of the Generalized System of Preferences. In 1995, Jaffe joined ILAB's Child Labor Program, where she now serves as Acting Director. The International Child Labor Program is responsible for researching and publishing the Secretary of Labor's annual report to Congress on international child1 labor issues and for implementing the Dept. of Labor's international technical assistance program on child1 labor. Under this program, the department has funded over $68 million of projects around the work to eliminate hazardous and exploitative child1 labor. Jaffee has an AM in international affairs from the Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies.

Kagle holds a M.S.W. from the University of Michigan School of Social Work and an AB in psychology, also from the University of Michigan.Her publications include: Social Work Records, now in its second edition, Waveland Press (1998); Are we lying to ourselves about deception? Social Service Review (1995); andRecording, Encyclopedia of Social Work, 19th edition. Washington, DC: NASW, and many others. Under Kagle's leadership, the School has developed a collaboration with the Child Labor Coalition, and has received a grant, with funding from the U.S. Department of Labor to establish the Child Labor Resource Office.

Sherin Khan
Sherin Khan joined the U.S. Department of Labor's International Child Labor Program in September 2000 as Coordinator for its child1 labor program with ILO/IPEC. Previously, Khan was employed by the International Labor Organization for 14 years in various positions. In 1994, as the ILO's National Program Manager for Pakistan, she started and established the IPEC program in Pakistan. She played a significant role in the negotiations and design of several challenging and significant multi-bilateral ILO/IPEC projects, including the Sialkot soccer ball project, the national bonded labor project, the carpet sector project, and the education and training project. In 1998, Ms Khan was transferred to ILO/IPEC headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland, where she had responsibility mainly for programs in Asia, and additionally participated in evaluation, staff development and donor relations. Other ILO experiences include four years as ILO Program Officer in Pakistan (1990-1994) and another four years as Publication and Information Officer with the UNDP-ILO Asia regional project, Asian and Pacific Skills Development Program (APSDEP) (1986-1990). Khan graduated from the University of Illinois in Springfield, with a masters in Communication and also holds a masters degree in English Language and Literature (University of Peshawar, Pakistan).

Inderjit Khurana
Inderjit Khurana is an educator in Orissa, India. She founded the Ruchika Preschool in 1978, starting with two children whom she taught in her home. While the Ruchika school was growing – it now is a high school with 700 students --she began thinking about how to educate the children in the nearby slums. Many children worked and begged on the platforms of the Bhubaneswar railway station. None could afford the tuition of her school, and yet they appeared to be in even greater need of instruction than the middle-class students in Ruchika. In 1985, Khurana and one colleague decided that rather than trying to convince the railway platform children to come to a school, they would bring the school to the children. Khurana sat on the bare concrete platform and asked the children to come over to learn and play. She was carrying two cloth bags "full of fun and magic for children." After some time, when the people walking by on the platform had disturbed the children once too often, she took a piece of chalk from her bag and drew a chalk circle on the platform concrete. Inside the circle, she told the children, was school. To passers by outside the circle, she asked, "Please don’t disturb us." Within a few months, the school had 100 students, and a curriculum involving reading and writing up to Class III; song, drama, music and puppetry. Promising students can transfer on state scholarship to formal schools.

The Ruchika Social Service Organization (formerly Ruchika Social Service Wing) now has 12 "platform schools" at railway stations in Orissa. Three railway station schools have been so successful that the platforms no longer have any child1 laborers and the "platform schools" there have closed. RSSO also offers other services: a medical center; a drop-in shelter for abandoned, orphaned and runaway boys aged 8-14; training courses for new workers; and day, care counseling and vocational centers. When Orissa suffered a massive cyclone in 1999, RSSO also offered relief services to a remote village unhelped by other agencies. In 1991, Khurana was elected as a fellow of the Ashoka Foundation of Washington, D.C.

Anjini Kochar
Anjini Kochar is an assistant professor in the Stanford University Department of Economics. She received her A.B. from Bryn Mawr College, and her PhD and M.A. (International Relations) from the University of Chicago. Her research interests include development economics, household economics, economics of population, and her current research is on rural markets in developing countries. Her teaching interests includes Development economics, econometrics, microeconomics. Representative recent publications include: "An Empirical Investigation of Rationing Constraints in Rural Credit Markets in India," Journal of Development Economics, forthcoming; "Explaining Household Vulnerability in Idiosyncratic Income Shocks," American Economics Review Papers and Proceedings, 85(2), May 1995; "Does Lack of Access to Formal Credit Constrain Agricultural Production? Evidence from the Land Tenancy Market in Rural India," American Journal of Agricultural Economics, August, 1997.

Praveen Kumar
Praveen Kumar was president of Bhima Sangha, a union of child1 workers in Karnataka,India, until he turned 18 years old in the fall of 2000. While Bhima Sangha president, Kumar represented the union in local and international forums. He was the subject of a story in Mother Jones magazine in November 2000. Read it at http://www.motherjones.com/mother_jones/ND00/underage.html.

Father Xystus Kurukurasuriya
Father Xystus Kurukurasuriya is head of Loving Friends International, a Sri Lankan NGO that has done extensive work on child1 labor issues. LFI has received support from the American Center for International Labor Solidarity, Unicef, and other international non-governmental organizations working on labor and children’s issues. LFI, which has over 200 youth volunteers, works with street and marginalized children; victims of war; domestic workers; and performs advocacy and training for youth leaders.

Lawrence J. Lau
Lawrence J. Lau is Kwoh-Ting Li Professor of Economic Development, and on the faculty at Stanford University’s Asia/Pacific Research Center. His research interests include economic theory, economic development, economic growth, applied microeconomics, econometrics, agricultural economics, industrial economics, and the economies of East Asia, including China. He teaches about the macroeconomics of economic development. Recent articles include "New Estimates of the United States-China Trade Balances," (1999, with K.C. Fung); "Gain Without Pain: Why Economic Reform in China Worked," (1998): "China’s Foreign Economic Relations," (1997, with K.C. Fung); "Macroeconomic Policies for Short-term Stabilization and Long-Term Growth of the Chinese Economy," (1993) and many others.

Deborah Levison
Deborah Levison is an economist and demographer; much of her research focuses on Third World children's work and schooling in the context of the household. Recent analyses draw upon survey data from urban Brazil, urban Mexico, and Egypt. She has also worked on projects examining child1 work in India from an industry perspective India. Other research areas include child1 care and women's employment. She has served as a consultant to the International Labor Organization, World Bank, UNICEF, and Association of Early Childhood Professionals in Minnesota. She earned a doctorate in economics from the University of Michigan, where she also trained at the Population Studies Center. She spent two years as a postdoctoral fellow at Yale University's Economic Growth Center before joining the University of Minnesota in 1992. She is an Associate Professor at the University of Minnesota's Hubert H. Humphrey Institute of Public Affairs.

Ma. Alcestis (Thetis) Mangahas
Ma. Alcestis (Thetis) Abrera-Mangahas is the East and Southeast Asian Regional Adviser of the ILO's International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labor based in the ILO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific, Bangkok, Thailand. She has oversight supervision over ILO-IPEC programs in Thailand, Indonesia, the Philippines, Cambodia, Lao PDR, Vietnam, and Mongolia.

Abrera-Mangahas served as the National Programme Manager of the Philippines (1995-2000). She was responsible for the design and formulation of the IPEC country program against child1 labor, monitoring its implementation, and assessing its effectiveness and impact. The Philippine programs center on eight priority groups of children (victims of trafficking, trapped in prostitution; children in mining and quarrying; children in deep-sea diving and fishing; pyrotechnics (fireworks); and sugar and vegetable production; as well as children in home-based work especially under sub-contracting arrangements). The Philippine program has special strength in advocacy and social mobilization activities, building a strong network of partnerships and alliances.

Prior to her work experiences with ILO-IPEC, Abrera-Mangahas has had extensive international experience in project management and technical advisory services in labor administration, with a focus on international labor migration, the urban informal sector and gender. She has had project management and work assignments in South Asia and Eastern Europe. Abrera-Mangahas is a graduate of the London School of Economics and Political Science (MSc. Social Planning in Developing Countries) and the University of the Philippines School of Economics (A.B. Economics, magna cum laude).

Lynda Diane Mull

L. Diane Mull has worked with farmworker programs since 1978, and since December 2000 has been working at Creative Associates International on U.S. Agency for International Development-funded activity promoting education to combat abusive child1 labor.

Mull received an Associate of Arts Degree with Honors from Gaston College before completing work on two Bachelor of Science Degrees in English and Education at Appalachian State University in Boone, North Carolina. She was an Information/Education Specialist for North Carolina's Department of Human Resources, Division of Mental Health. Beginning in 1978, she worked for Telamon as a job development specialist, program coordinator for the Georgia farmworker program, and state director for the West Virginia program. In 1981, Mull became executive director of the Association of Farmworker Opportunity Programs, the national federation of farmworker employment, training, and support service organizations. Mull began AFOP’s AmeriCorps pesticide and worker safety training program, which has trained 191,894 farmworkers, 18,395 farmworker children and trained and supported over 432 AmeriCorps members who have served as pesticide and worker safety trainers over the past six years.Mull is active on many boards, commissions, federal advisory committees, and panels dealing with farmworker issues, including the International Initiative to End Child Labor, the national Child Labor Coalition, the National Children’s Center on Childhood Agricultural Injury Prevention, the U.S. Department of Labor’s National Stakeholders Forum, and others. She is the founder and coordinator of the Children in the Fields Campaign, the domestic and international campaign to end the worst forms of child1 labor in agriculture. She has been named to four federal advisory committees, including the U.S. Department of Labor’s Migrant and Seasonal Farmworker Employment and Training Federal Advisory Committee, the Environomental Protection Agency’s Children’s Health Protection Federal Advisory Committee, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services’ Regional Coordinating Council on Migrant Head Start, and the U.S. Department of the Treasury’s Advisory Committee on International Child Labor Enforcement. She has been extensively consulted by the news media, and has received many awards for her organizational management work. She also has testified on numerous occasions before, and has submitted papers to, the House and Senate. In the past several years, she has been involved in documenting the problem of child1 labor in agriculture in the United States. In 1999, Diane helped form the International Initiative to End Child Labor (IIECL). a not-for-profit organization working against child1 labor in the United States and internationally.

From 1986-1990, Myers worked as an international human resources consultant, assisting UNICEF and the ILO in studies and program development relating to children in especially difficult circumstances, especially working and street children. Activities included technical assistance to field and central offices, preparation of a UNICEF book on the protection of working children, drafting of an ILO special report on child1 labor, evaluation of the UNICEF/Brazil program for working and street children, and publication of various articles and "how to" materials on the same subject. He helped UNICEF Brazil design a sustainable development program for meeting the needs of children in areas of severe environmental risk or degradation. In California, he established and directed a California-wide bilingual print and radio information system for migrant and seasonal farmworkers, a project of the U.S. Department of Labor, the State of California, and an association of community-based farmworker programs. Myers also participated in various boards, committees, seminars and projects pertaining to rural development in California. From 1991-1992, Myers worked with UNICEF, Brazil, as project officer responsible for establishment and management of UNICEF program in the Amazon region. From 1993-1995, he worked at the International Labor Office in Geneva, where he was manager of the interdepartmental project on the elimination of child1 labor (1993-1994), and Special Assistant to the Director, Working Conditions and Environment Department, with main responsibility for child1 labor policy and research.

Ruby Q. Noble
Ruby Q. Noble works with UNICEF-Dhaka on the Basic Education For Hard To Reach Urban Children’s Project.

Rolene Otero
Rolene Otero is the director of Targeted Enforcement Programs for the San Francisco Region, which encompasses 11 Western states and all the Pacific Islands. Are looking at garment, agriculture, restaurant, construction and horse-racing.

Harry Anthony Patrinos
Harry Anthony Patrinos is a Senior Education Economist at the World Bank. He leads the Task Force on Bridging the Digital Divide through Education. He set up the Economics of Education Thematic Group and international network (http://www.worldbank.org/education/economicsed). and manages EdInvest (www.worldbank.org/edinvest), the Education Investment Information Facility. He has published widely in the area of economics of education and specializes on demand-side financing schemes. He is co-author of Decentralization of Education: Demand-Side Financing (1997). His latest co-edited book is Policy Analysis of Child Labor: A Comparative Study (St. Martin’s Press, 1999). He is one of the main authors of the World Bank’s sector review paper on education, Priorities and Strategies for Education. He previously worked as an economist at the Economic Council of Canada. He has worked in Africa, Latin America, Asia, Europe and North America. Mr. Patrinos received a D.Phil. from the Institute of Development Studies, University of Sussex.

Nandana Reddy

Nandana Ishbiliya Reddy has also been involved with political and civil liberties issues for 25 years. Reddy graduated with a B.A. (Honours) degree in Economics from Bangalore University in 1973 and subsequently went on to study law. She belongs to a distinguished family: Her father, Pattabhi Rama Reddy , is a director of award winning films and her mother, the late Snehalata Reddy, was an actress and social reformer. Both were both active in post independence political movement in India. Reddy trained in innovative education skills and rural technology at Neel Bagh, a school for village children run by the late David Horsborough in a rural district of Karnataka. She subsequently taught there for a year. Reddy organized several trade unions, negotiating settlements, lead strikes and even got jailed on occasions in pursuit of worker’s rights. Reddy campaigned against Indira Gandhi after the emergency constituted her debut in politics and later managed several electoral campaigns at the state as well as at the national levels. She is founder member of the People’s Union for Civil Liberties and has been active in this area. Reddy has been working in the field of development since 1980, when she set up The Concerned for Working Children (CWC) to combat child1 labour and to ameliorate the condition of children currently forced to work by the circumstances of their lives. She studied at the Afro-Asian Institute for Labour, Cooperation and Development Studies in Tel Aviv in 1983. She came to the development field through her trade union work that led to her concern for child1 workers. Her primary work in the area of development began in 1980, Nandana has been consulted by the Govt. of Netherlands and the UNICEF during the development of their policy on child1 labour. She has been a resource person at several ILO consultations.

Reddy has facilitated studies in 36 countries that focused on the strategies adopted in each of these to address child1 labor. The IWGCL created opportunities at the National and International levels for the interaction between working children, grass root activists, academicians and policy makers. The very first international meeting of working children was organised by IWGCL in collaboration with working children’s movements and NGOs. Reddy also developed a training package for NGDO (Non Governmental Development Organisation) managers under the auspices of the Asian Institute of Technology, Thailand, and still remains a consortium member. She has designed and conducted training programmes for grass root workers, policy makers, academicians and working children. Reddy also was a member of the Executive Board of Mahila Samakhya, a programme of the Department of Education, Government of India, for rural women. Reddy also is a poet (beginning at age 5), has edited several publications, has been involved in the production of political films and with theatre and art. She has a small family consisting of her husband and three dogs.

Sonia A. Rosen
Sonia Rosen was until January 1999 the founding director of the U.S. Department of Labor's International Child Labor Program. As director, Rosen was responsible for the research and publication of 6 major U.S. government reports on the child1 labor. She developed the framework for a $30 million grant program to the International Labor Organization to support innovative and action-oriented child1 labor projects throughout the world. Rosen negotiated path-breaking agreements to phase children out of work and into school, and establish internal and independent external monitoring systems in the Bangladeshi garment industry, the Pakistani soccer industry, and the Pakistani carpet industry. During her tenure at the Labor Department, Rosen participated in much of the department’s work on voluntary codes of conduct, and helped organize two symposia between the United States and the European Union on Codes of Conduct and International Labor Standards, as well as a symposium on University Codes of Conduct and labor standards. Rosen was also responsible for implementing the Department of Labor’s international programs of the U.S. Government Child Labor Initiative, announced in the 1998 State of the Union message. Finally, Rosen represented the United States at the Amsterdam and Oslo International Conferences on Child Labor, and at the 1998 International Labor Conference to negotiate a new treaty on the worst forms of child1 labor.

Prior to joining the Labor Department, Rosen was the Director of the Amnesty International - USA Midwest Regional Office, and Legal Director of the Minnesota Advocates for Human Rights. Rosen was an adjunct professor of international human rights law at the William Mitchell College of Law in St. Paul, MN, and has conducted investigations and written on labor-related topics such as child1 domestic servitude in Haiti, and the treatment of Filipino foreign workers in the Middle East. Rosen is a graduate of Union College (Schenectady, NY) and the University of Minnesota Law School. Rosen is currently a senior worker rights advisor to the AFL-CIO and its Solidarity Center, as well as other groups.

Henry S. Rowen
Henry S. Rowen is co-director of the Asia/Pacific Research Center. He is a senior fellow at the Hoover Institution and a professor of public policy and management emeritus at Stanford's Graduate School of Business.

Rowen was assistant secretary of defense for international security affairs in the U.S. Department of Defense from 1989 to 1991. He was also chairman of the National Intelligence Council from 1981 to 1983. Rowen’s research interests include international security, economic development, Asian economics and politics, U.S. institutions and economic performance, economic growth prospects for the developing world, and the tenets of federalism. He served as president of the RAND Corporation from 1968 to 1972 and was assistant director, U.S. Bureau of the Budget, from 1965 to 1966. Rowen is an expert on international security, economic development, and Asian economics and politics, as well as U.S. institutions and economic performance. His current research focuses on economic growth prospects for the developing world, political and economic change in East Asia, and the tenets of federalism. He recently wrote Catch Up. Why Poor Countries are Becoming Richer, Democratic, Increasingly Peaceable, and Sometimes More Dangerous, published in August 1999 by the Asia/Pacific Research Center, and co-authored "Cool on Global Warming" with John Weyant for The National Interest (Fall 1999). He is the editor of Behind East Asian Growth: The Political and Social Foundations of Prosperity (London: Routledge Press, 1998). Among his numerous publications, his other noteworthy writings include "The Short March: China's Road to Democracy," The National Interest (Fall 1996), "Inchon in the Desert: My Rejected Plan," The National Interest (Summer 1995); "The Tide Underneath the ‘Third Wave,’" Journal of Democracy (January 1995), The Impoverished Superpower: Perestroika and the Soviet Military Burden (1990), co-edited with Charles Wolf, and The Future of the Soviet Empire (1987), also co-edited with Charles Wolf. He is co-editor, with Chong-Moon Lee, William F. Miller, and Marguerite Gong Hancock , of The Silicon Valley Edge (Stanford University Press, November 2000).

Andrew James Samet
Andrew James Samet is a lawyer working with Sandler, Travis and Rosenberg, a legal firm specializing in international trade. He holds a B.A. from Yale University (1978, Cum Laude); an M.A. from Carleton University, (1980); and a J.D. from Georgetown University (1983).

From 1993 – 2001, Samet was an official with the Bureau of International Labor Affairs, U.S. Department of Labor, Washington, D.C., ending Deputy Under Secretary of Labor for International Affairs, the senior official in the department responsible for international matters. The deputy under secretary is responsible for all international activities of the U.S. Department of Labor, reporting directly to the Secretary of Labor He also served from 1996-1998 as Acting Deputy Under Secretary, and initially appointed by Secretary of Labor Robert Reich in 1993 to be Associate Deputy Under Secretary. Between 1996 and 2001, employees in the ILAB increased from approximately 60 to over 100, and the budget grew from $10 million to almost $150 million. Samet represented the US Government on the Governing Body of the International Labor Organization (ILO); implemented the North American Agreement on Labor Cooperation, the NAFTA labor agreement; negotiated ILO Convention 182 on the Worst Forms of Child Labor, the ILO Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights At Work, and innovative programs to address labor concerns in such industries as garments in Bangladesh and Cambodia; soccer balls and carpets in Pakistan; and coffee in Central America. Samet was responsible for technical assistance programs in four dozen countries. He represented the DOL at meetings of the WTO and OECD, and testified before Congress. From, 1987-1993, Samet worked in the office of U.S. Den. Daniel Patrick Moynihan, in Washington, D.C. He was legislative counsel responsible for international trade, budget and labor issues; and later legislative director. In 1983-1987, Samet was in practice with the law firm Chapman, Duff and Paul, and Mudge Rose Guthrie Alexander and Ferdon. In 1980, Samet was a research assistant, Office of David Berger, Member of Parliament, Ottawa, Canada (1980). In 1978-1979, he was a professional staff member, U.S. Senate Committee on Appropriations, Washington, D.C.

Elliot J. Schrage
Elliot Schrage is a teacher, lawyer and writer with extensive experience working on private corporate matters and public interest issues. In August 2000, he joined Gap Inc., the largest specialty retailer in the U.S., as Senior Vice President of Global Affairs. In his new role, Elliot oversees the company’s government affairs, issues management, and corporate communications functions, and directs the company’s global compliance organization, charged with inspecting working conditions at factories that manufacture products for the company’s Gap, Old Navy and Banana Republic brands.

For the previous ten years, Schrage served as Managing Director at Clark & Weinstock Inc., a public policy and management consulting firm in New York, where he counseled clients on a wide range of strategic business and public policy issues and has special expertise on matters of corporate responsibility. Since 1990, Schrage has served as Adjunct Professor at Columbia University Business School, where he teaches a seminar that explores the intersection of international human rights law and multinational business practices. It was the first, and, to date, only such course offered by a business school in the United States. He has written and spoken widely on this and related topics before human rights advocacy groups, corporations, foundations and trade associations, including Amnesty International, the Carter Presidential Center, the Ford Foundation, Business for Social Responsibility and the World Federation of the Sporting Goods Industry.

With more than 15 years' work promoting respect for international human rights and environmental protection, Schrage has broad experience in public interest advocacy. He has worked with such groups as the Lawyers Committee for Human Rights, Human Rights Watch and the Robert F. Kennedy Memorial to investigate allegations of human rights abuses in Africa, Asia, Central America and Eastern Europe and is the author/editor of numerous reports on the administration of justice and human rights conditions in Yugoslavia, Peru, El Salvador and Haiti. In 1992-93, Schrage created and served as the first director of the Liaison Office on Human Rights and Environment, an initiative of the Nathan Cummings Foundation. Schrage has represented a wide variety U.S. and foreign corporations in international transactions and served as consultant to several multinational corporations and trade associations, helping them draft corporate human rights "codes of conduct," design mechanisms to monitor their compliance and evaluate the effectiveness of monitoring programs. In 1996-97, he helped organize a partnership of the international sporting goods industry, UNICEF, Save the Children and the International Labor Organization to end child1 labor in soccer ball production in Pakistan, the source for three of every four balls produced each year; a successor project was announced in India in February 1999. He also worked on a team with the American Apparel Manufacturers Association to develop the "Worldwide Responsible Apparel Production (WRAP) Certification Program," a global program to certify apparel factories as meeting fundamental human rights standards.

Elliot received B.A., J.D., and M.P.P. degrees from Harvard University and studied at the Ecole Normale Superieure in Paris. He began his professional career with Sullivan & Cromwell in New York and Paris, where he specialized in U.S. securities offerings, mergers and acquisitions and complex corporate transactions, including project financing for the Euro Disneyland theme park.Schrage is a member of the Council on Foreign Relations, and has served on the American Association for the Advancement of Science's Committee on Scientific Freedom and Human Rights, and the U.S. Dept of Treasury Advisory Committee on International Child Labor Enforcement. His board experience includes the Harvard Law School Association of New York (Trustee), the International League for Human Rights (Director) and the Medicare Beneficiaries Defense Fund (Director). Schrage, his wife and their children reside in San Francisco.

Nalini Shekar
Nalini Shekar is program director, Asia, for the International Development Exchange, San Francisco. IDEX is a social change organization working in partnership with groups in Asia, Latin America, and Africa on issues relating to economic justice. Shekar has extensive experience working on issues related to unorganized sector of labor with special focus on women and child1 labor. She has worked in the field with children and women in India, advocating policy changes with legislative bodies, training governmental and law enforcement officials and campaigning for public awareness and participation. She has traveled extensively in rural and tribal areas of different Indian states to campaign against the practice of child1 labor. She played an important role in organizing two national level conventions of child1 laborers, which were attended by child1 laborers representing more than 125 sectors and 12 states of India. She also has been involved in investigating violations of child1 labor laws, and she has worked on intervention in extreme and urgent cases involving the rescue of child1 laborers and child1 prostitutes both in India and the United States.

Shekar is a member of Youth for Unity and Voluntary Action (YUVA). YUVA is a non-governmental organization working on the issues of urbanization and urban poverty based in Mumbai, India.

Simons was first at Hoover in 1971-1972 as a Council of Foreign Relations International Affairs Fellow. He retired from the U.S. Foreign Service in 1998 after a 35-year career that began in 1963. His most recent assignments were as U.S. Ambassador to Pakistan (1996-1998), Coordinator of U.S. Assistance to the New Independent States of the former Soviet Union (1993-1995, in Washington) and U.S. Ambassador to Poland (1990-1993). During the 1980s, Simons served in the State Department as the Deputy Assistant Secretary responsible for relations with the Soviet Union, Eastern Europe and Yugoslavia (1986- 1989) and Director for Soviet Union Affairs (1981-1985). Simons' previous assignments included Political Counselor at the U.S. Embassy in London (1979-1981), Deputy Chief of Mission at Embassy Bucharest (1977-1979), Chief of External Reporting and Acting Political Counselor at Embassy Moscow (1975-1977), and Member of the State Department's Policy Planning staff (1974-1975). He also worked in the Department's Bureau of Politico-Military Affairs, at Embassy Warsaw, and on the U.S. delegation to the Kennedy Round of GATT trade negotiations.

He was written many articles on Central and East European history and culture, and U.S. policy in East-West relations. He is the author of two books, Eastern Europe in the Postwar World (2nd rev. ed., 1993) and The End of the Cold War? (1990). Both books were published by St. Martin's Press in New York. Simons was an adjunct professor of history at Brown University in 1989-1990. His analysis of Polish politics before and after the fall of Communism was published in Polish in Rzeczpospolita (Warsaw) in July, and he recently reviewed Unvanquished, former United Nations Secretary-General Boutrous Boutros Ghali's account of his struggle with the U.S., for the San Francisco Sunday Examiner & Chronicle Book Review. Simons holds a B.A. degree (magna cum laude) from Yale University (1958) and an M.A. degree (1959) and Ph.D. (1963) from Harvard University in West and Central European history. He speaks French, German, Polish, Romanian, and some Russian, and is a member of Phi Beta Kappa. He and his wife Peggy live in Portola Valley. They have two grown children.

Peggy Simons
Peggy Simons was born August 2, 1938, in Rochester, N.Y. and raised in Chillicothe, where her opthamologist father served a quarter of the state. She was awarded a B.A. from Lawrence College (now University) in 1960 and an M.A. (in mathematics) from Boston College in 1962. She and Thomas W. Simons Jr. married 1963and they have been together at all Tom’s diplomatic posts. In Pakistan, where Tom Simons was ambassador 1996-1998, Peggy Simons took an active interest not only in child1 labor issues but in contemporary fiber art and antique textiles. She helped a group of American students from the Broad Meadows Middle School in Quincy, Mass., with their project: to build a school for child1 workers in Pakistan. The school, which is up and running today, is located in Kasur, Pakistan.

J. Joseph Speidel
J. Joseph Speidel, M.D., M.P.H., has since 1995 been the program officer for population for The William and Flora Hewlett Foundation. He is responsible for direction of the Foundation’s population grants program which will total $30 million in 2001. Speidel has been a diplomat, for the National Board of Preventive Medicine in Public Health, and a resident in Public Health, City of New York, Department of Health. His M.P.H. is from the Harvard School of Public Health. He was an intern in medicine at St. Luke’s Hospital, New York City. His M.D. degree is from Harvard Medical School. He also received his A.B. from Harvard College, cum laude in chemistry and physics.

Speidel was vice president and president at Population Action International (formerly the Population Crisis Committee), Washington, D.C., 1983-1994. PAI is a private non-profit public interest organization committed to universal access to voluntary family planning and reproductive health services, and to early stabilization of world population. From 1969-1983, Speidel was chief of the research division, and acting director of the Office of Population, Agency for International Development. He directed AID’s program of population and family planning assistance, with a staff of 61 with an annual budget of $130 million.

Speidel’s awards include the Carl S. Schulz Award of the American Public Health Association in 1982 for significant contributions to international population work. They also include the Arthur S. Flemming Award in 1972 for outstanding young men in government for direction of AID’s innovative population research program. He is listed in American Men and Women of Science and Who's Who in America. He is past member of Board of Directors of: Zero Population Growth, The Global Tomorrow Coalition, The Reproductive Health Technologies Project, The Sexuality Information and Education Council of the United States (SIECUS), Population Action International. He makes frequent public presentations and is the author of 75 articles and editor or author of 10 books and monographs concerned with population, family planning and fertility regulation technology.

Kenneth Swinnerton
Kenneth Swinnerton holds a Ph.D. (1993) in Economics from Georgetown University. Since 1992, Ken has been a research economist for the Bureau of International Labor Affairs (ILAB), which is an agency of the U.S. Department of Labor. He has worked on issues such as the economics of core labor standards, the labor market implications of financial crises, economic welfare analyses of minimum wage laws, and job stability. At present, Ken is most heavily involved in economic research related to child1 labor. This research includes having been a lead author of volume VI of the ILAB's By the Sweat and Toil of Children series, analyses of the relationship between the incidence of child1 labor in a country and income inequality, theories of exploitative child1 labor, and technical commentary and consulting work related to ILAB work with the ILO's Statistical Information and Monitoring Program on Child Labor (SIMPOC). Ken is the vice chair and delegate for the United States government to the OECD's Working Party on Employment. He also serves on U.S. delegations to the ILO's Governing Body, where he has primary responsibility for the Employment and Social Policy Committee. Ken's work occasionally provides opportunities to write for publication in professional journals. Among others, he has had papers appear in the American Economic Review, the Journal of Labor Economics, and the World Economy.

Savitri Suwansathit
Savitri Suwansathit is Inspector General for the Ministry of Education for the Government of Thailand.

Ben White
Ben White, a Fellow in Residence at the Netherlands Institute for Advanced Study in the Humanities and Social Sciences, has written extensively on child1 labor and globalization, and child1 labor in Indonesia. At the Netherlands Institute for Advanced Study in Wassenaar, "approximately forty carefully selected fellows each year… who have already made a significant contribution to their field are given the opportunity to devote themselves exclusively to their own academic projects for a ten-month period, individually or as part of a research theme group."